When Scientists Sin, And Leonard Cassuto s Paper

A key mechanism of societal function is money. Whether manifested as the cash needed to buy groceries or as the funds required to wage war or make investments, money is an essential element of what drives the developed world. This concept has an immense impact on scientific research, and it is found to be especially prevalent within both Michael Shermer’s article â€Å"When Scientists Sin† and Leonard Cassuto’s paper â€Å"Big Trouble in the World of ‘Big Physics,’† chiefly through an emphasis on the pressure for scientists and the scientific community to provide results. While this is not surprising, the extent to which it is able to negatively affect the reputability and quality of science is, and this is quite disturbing. Much of Shermer’s†¦show more content†¦This is only reinforced by Cassuto’s work, as it discusses at length the â€Å"publish or perish† (Cassuto, 228) nature of scientific research. In an environment where highly visible success—the type of success that Schà ¶n embodied before his fraudulence was revealed—is needed in order to sustain a career, it seems that the system which dictates success should have nearly impassable safeguards against fraudulent achievement of that success. However, despite all that is both fiscally and less tangibly—chiefly by way of reputation and public trust—at stake, that may not be the case. Much of the discussion surrounding Schà ¶n’s scandal within Cassuto’s paper was centered on disappointment with the scientific community and the process that allowed Schà ¶n to gain his fame with falsified research results, in addition to disappointment with Schà ¶n for his fraudulence. Failures within the former are perhaps more severe than the transgressions of the latter, however, as a lack of competency within the review process can afford for the perpetuation of fraud, while Schà ¶n’s disregard for adequately performed science is, in and of itself, an isolated case. This process, peer review, is supposed â€Å"to weed out substandard work,† (Cassuto, 232) and—perhaps just as, or even more, importantly—it â€Å"governs external funding,† (Cassuto, 232). As peer review determines what is

Fences By August Wilson Essay - 1709 Words

Race, notwithstanding the way that it doesn t exist on the planet in any ontologically target way, in any case it is bona fide in the general population field (rather than nature). Race is a social development that has genuine outcomes and impacts. These impacts, results and the thought that race is ontologically subjective is epistemologically objective. We realize that race is something that is genuine in the public arena, and that it shapes the way we see ourselves as well as other people. Many appropriately guarantee that race is theoretically precarious. However, this ought not to lead us to be suspicion about race, i.e. that we can t have any target information about race. We can realize what race is and how it functions paying†¦show more content†¦It is also shown in the book 1919, the Year of Racial Violence: How African Americans Fought Back by David Krugler. This book likewise indicated how overcome dark men remained against crowd assaults after the World War I. The developing New Negro personality, which prized undeterred imperviousness to worthless citizenship, additionally roused veterans and their kindred dark nationals. In city after city - Washington, DC; Chicago; Charleston; and somewhere else - dark men and ladies waged war to repulse hordes that utilized lynching, strikes, and different types of brutality to ensure racial domination; yet, experts pointed the finger at blacks for the savagery, prompting mass captures and deceiving news scope. Declining to yield, African Americans looked for exactness and decency in the courts of general assessment and the law. This is the main record of this three-front battle - in the roads, in the press, and in the courts - against swarm viciousness amid one of the most exceedingly bad years of racial clash in US history. Additionally, we also know about the civil rights movement. American Civil Right Movement, mass difference improvement against racial detachment and isolation in the southern United States that came to national unmistakable quality in the midst of the mid-1950s. This improvement had its establishments in the many years longShow MoreRelated Fences by August Wilson Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesFences by August Wilson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We all lead lives filled with anxiety over certain issues, and with dread of the inevitable day of our death. In this play, Fences which was written by the well known playwright, August Wilson, we have the story of Troy Maxson and his family. Fences is about Troy Maxson, an aggressive man who has on going, imaginary battle with death. His life is based on supporting his family well and making sure they have the comforts that he did not have in his own childhood.Read More Fences by August Wilson Essay533 Words   |  3 Pages In the play Fences, which was written by August Wilson, Bono, Gabe, and Alberta are all very important people in Troy’s life. Bono is Troy’s best friend, and through him the reader learns that Troy is a very strong character. Through Gabe, people can see some of the guilt Troy has inside. Alberta helped Troy escape from his problems, and have a few laughs every once in awhile. Each one of these characters tells the reader something different about Troy. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ThroughoutRead MoreFences by August Wilson Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesIn Fences, August Wilson introduces an African American family whose life is based around a fence. In the dirt yard of the Maxson’s house, many relationships come to blossom and wither here. The main character, Troy Maxson, prevents anyone from intruding into his life by surrounding himself around a literal and metaphorical fence that affects his relationships with his wife, son, and mortality. Throughout the play, readers see an incomplete fence which symbolizes Rose (Troy’s wife) and Troy’sRead MoreEssay on Fences, by August Wilson1097 Words   |  5 Pagesthe context in which it is used. The play Fences by August Wilson, takes place during the late 1950’s through to 1965, a period of time when the fights against segregation are barely blossoming results. The main protagonist, Troy Maxson is an African American who works in the sanitation department; he is also a responsible man whose thwarted dreams make him prone to believing in self-created illusions. Wilsons most apparent intention in the play ‘Fences’, is to show how racial segregation createsRead More Fences by August Wilson Essay650 Words   |  3 Pages In the play, Fences, Troy seems to have a complicated relationship with every other character in the play. This applies especially to his relationship with his son, Cory. Troy and Cory have many similarities and differences that complicate their relationship. There are many outside factors that also make matters worse. One of the differences that complicate their relationship is that they have grown up in completely different time periods. A great deal has happened between the timesRead More Fences as Metaphor in Fences by August Wilson Essay420 Words   |  2 Pages As with most works of literature, the title Fences is more than just a title. It could be initially noted that there is only one physical fence being built by the characters onstage, but what are more important are the ideas that are being kept inside and outside of the fences that are being built by Troy and some of the other characters in Fences. The fence building becomes quite figurative, as Troy tries to fence in his own desires and infidelities. Through this act of trying to contain his desiresRead MoreEssay about Fences by August Wilson1876 Words   |  8 Pagesperceived? What should we learned from them? Are their lives to be discarded or honored? Fences is a compelling story of a Black family in the 1950s. A tale of the encounter of the released black slaves trying to survive in the middle of American urban industrial city. A story of four generations of Black Americans and of how they have passed on a legacy of morals, mores, attitudes, and patterns of life. Fences examine the escalating racial tensions in America during the 1950s. It deals with suchRead MoreAnalysis of Fences by August Wilson Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pages In the play Fences by August Wilson, Troy is shown as a man who has hurt the people who are closest to him without even realizing it. He has acted in an insensitive and uncaring manner towards his wife, Rose, his brother, Gabriel and his son, Cory. At the beginning of the story, Troy feels he has done right by them. He feels this throughout the story. He doesn’t realize how much he has hurt them. Troy is the son of an abusive father. His father was hardly around to raise him. When he was aroundRead More Racism Exposed in Fences, by August Wilson Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pages August Wilson’s play Fences brings an introspective view of the world and of Troy Maxson’s family and friends. The title Fences displays many revelations on what the meaning and significance of the impending building of the fence in the Maxson yard represents. Wilson shows how the family and friends of Troy survive in a day to day scenario through good times and bad. Wilson utilizes his main characters as the interpreters of Fences, both literally and figuratively. Racism, confinement, andRead MoreEssay about The Importance of the Characters in Fences by August Wilson696 Words   |  3 PagesFences is a 1983-published play by American Playwright, August Wilson. In Fences, we are introduced to several characters that serve multiple purposes to the protagonist and main character of the play, Troy Maxson. Troy is a 53 year old man who works as a garbage man, and lives with his wife, Rose and their teenage son, Cory. Along with Rose and Cory, Fences introduces us to three more members of the Maxson family: Lyons, the first born son to Troy, the step-son to Rose, and the

Currency and Efficacy of a Diversity Policy

Question: Discuss about the Currency and Efficacy of a Diversity Policy. Answer: Introduction Organization diversity describes the multiplicity of distinctness among the people in a firm. Diversity includes receiving and respect. It refers to recognizing that every person is special, and an understanding of the person variation. These distinctions can comprise traditions, sexual direction, gender, physical ability, age, religious belief, family status, experience, ideologies or other perspectives. Moreover, study have depicted that the most connected workers are those who are employing in a diverse, fair and open environment. Hence, this research aims on identifying the diversity policy existing at Australian Postal Corporation. Assisting diversity in organization reduces the amount of partiality and concludes in making the environment that is favorable for the workers development. Diversity and its significance Diversity, regarding the organization, mainly describes the Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) crews beneath-delegated in an organization. Hence, these crews comprise: indigenous and/or Torres channel Islander group; disable people; group of racial, cultural and ethno-religious alternative groups; teenage people under 25; and females in senior guidance position. Diversity is rapidly raising like a property of a firm and connected to finest economic conducts. Diversity is said to be the essential segment of how the people carry out the business and crucial to the commercial development. Hence, the group identifies that the people requires imitating the clients and local societies. Diversity policy and its benefit The organizational diversity policy is the assurance by the section to make the company that is better and comprehensive, and creates an organization which effectively imitates the diversity of the scholars, guardians and the societies. According to APC, the criticism in the aspect of partiality handling internally in a company attached with the example of preference and irritation according to employees. The success and its competitiveness are based upon its capability to grip diversity and identify the benefits. When the firms rapidly evaluate their applying of the organizational diversity problems, advances and execute diversity strategies, numerous benefits are stated, like: Enlarged flexibility, Widened service variety, More better implementation, Multiplicity of perspective. Objectives of diversity policy According to the APC, the motives and objectives involve transparency and effectiveness as they mainly depict what the firm has aimed to achieve within the diversity policy. The organizational diversity policy offers a structure for the section top obtain: The numerous and experienced employees that imitates the diversity of the scholars, career/parents and the society. An organization tradition that promotes comprehensive practices and traits for the profits of all matters and public education and instruction structure. Developed employment and career advancement chances for people who are beneath represented to the organization over the particular programs. The work surrounding that signifies and uses the involvement of workers with varied experience, backgrounds, skills and educational standards. Consciousness within every crew of their privileges and liabilities regarding to equity, honesty and respect for all characteristic of diversity. Legislations at diversity policy The legislation is applied in place for saving people over inequity. It requires assuring people the same behavior despite of a specific uniqueness or past domination in connection to service, proposal of service and in other examples not connected to employment. Legislation draws official needs of manager; though, the superior aim is not basically regarding official agreement but developing a tradition of approval in an organization. Declaration of devotion to legislative regulations according to organizational harassment, gender variety, same chances are created by the Australian study in its workforce opportunity description. The program available to the following groups: LGBT It refers to the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) group of people within an organization as the comprehensive part of the human diversity. According to APC, it is the policy which defines the bullying and harassment to the feature of frightening to disclose the sexual orientation of an individual. Age-based diversity It is known as the recognition of every age class in an organization. Australian study described the complete adult traineeship that assist adult training for a time of a year or two with assurance of training companies by legislative registrations. Gender equity - Gender equity is acquired when all gender people are capable to contact and like the identical plunder, possessions and prospects. Disability The disable people are judged as the normal people as well as the skills and talents they inherit, which is required to work in an organization. Migrant worker It discovers safety and health features regarding the migrants employees in multi-cultural structure. Many suppositions are made about the cultural variation, secured and healthy manners. Diversity policy disseminated to staff For the better information delivery, means of providing plays the significant role in formulating the plans made for the better information. Dissemination is the process which gets started as the half of the complete cost of the assignment; hence it must be strategized from the start. Australian post describes the policy of employees in an organization needs concern on this problem and applying diversity of at their organization. Effective dissemination takes place with the help of its significance to match the needs and message of the people. Review of policy diversity This policy is applied for setting out the important needs in connection to the administration of organization diversity in the commission. Specifically, it draws the commissions organization diversity program and refers the advance to sensible modification in an organization. Internal and external forums to celebrate the progress and development According to APC, the study depicts the establishment of aforementioned policy and plans to help improve the diversity in a company. Internal it includes reintegration with career/parent, letter. External it involves letter, reintegration with career/parent. Recommendation for improving diversity in an organization Making the more varied employees in the small business is significant not just for the fulfillment with anti-equity regulations; also it can profit the organization from the sale and productivity perception. Varying the employees can result delicate, as few workers may not connect better with the people from varied traditions or backgrounds. Few recommendations can assist not in the hiring of the more varied employees. Starts evaluating to involve higher ratio of domestic people. Narrow workers response mechanism and starts taking measures to develop function of workers objection referring section. Start firm evaluations for advancing privacy and pride of workers under the LGBTI group. Conclusion Legislative bodies have applied the diversity policy that depicts the firm's assurance to guarantee a varied combination of experience as well as capacity subsist in its leaders, administrators and workers, to improve organization performance. This study aims on the significance of outlining and recognizing the diversity policy pertaining to the APC. References Nick Moore. Policy Studies Institute, 1995. Starren, A., Hornixk, J. Luijters, K., Occupational safety in multicultural teams and organizations: A research agenda, Safety Science, 2012. Human Rights Campaign, Corporate Equality Index: Rating American Workplaces on Lesbian. Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Equality 2011. Mirvac Board., allen Pascoe, GM Human Resources Operation, 2011. ILO - International Labour Office, Labour inspection in Europe: undeclared work, migration, trafficking/ - ILO, Geneva, 2010. Blakiston Crabb, summary of diversity policy, 2007.

The Return Essay Example For Students

The Return Essay The Return by Sonia Levitin is a novel showing how difficult life is for Ethiopian Jews traveling to Israel. They face many hardships on their way, and there are many obstacles in their path. Many themes are depicted in this novel. Three meaningful topics that can be discussed are maturing and finding ones own identity, prejudice and its effect, and cultural/family pressures. One of the themes that The Return illustrates is maturing and finding ones own identity. An example of this theme is in the beginning of the novel when Desta does not want to depart for Jerusalem and wants to stay with her family. However, soldiers come to recruit from her village and Desta has to leave immediately. Desta does not complain about this situation. This shows maturity because Desta knows that her family wants her to leave for Jerusalem and that it is the best for her. A further example of maturing and finding ones own identity is one Joas dies. Desta always relies on Joas in the beginning of the nov el, but she then takes control by taking care of Almaz and herself. She trades with foreigners and struggles to survive with her sister. She also continues to travel even though there is a risk of death. This shows courage and maturity because it is very hard to take care of a nine-year-old child with very little food at hand. Another way Desta shows maturity is how she uses skills she learns to her advantage. An example of this is when Desta takes her holiday shamma and wraps Joas in it for a burial. This shows maturity because she follows what her culture expects of her. One last example of maturity illustrated in The Return is how Desta tells Dan, with no fears, that she does not want to marry him yet. She expects than Dan will be angry, but Desta tells him anyway. This shows maturity because she stands up for what she believes is right for herself and shows independence. As one can see, Desta matures in many ways throughout the novel performing bravely, independently, and loving ly in acts towards herself and others. We will write a custom essay on The Return specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Another theme that The Return shows is prejudice and its effect. One example this novel shows is that enemies of the Ethiopian Jews are killing and forcing them to be soldiers. This shows prejudice because the enemies only think about themselves and treat other people like animals. This is an example of pure hatred. One other example of prejudice and its effect is that it is not safe to go anywhere one wants when they are an Ethiopian Jew. This means that because the Ethiopian Jews have so many enemies, they must be aware of everyone around them and have restrictions on where they are allowed to be. This shows prejudice because since the Jews have so many enemies, they must stay in certain areas, and it is dangerous to wander off anywhere one wants alone. This form of prejudice is due to anti-Semitism and loath from Arabs and other enemies of the Ethiopian Jews. A third example of prejudice that The Return shows is mistreatment by others. The novel illustrates this once during Desta, Almaz, and Joass escape to Jerusalem. While Joas is walking back to Desta and Almaz, an Arab sniper for no reason shoots him. Joas did not attack anyone or harm anything, but the Arabs still shot him. This shows prejudice because there was no good reason to kill another person. Joas does not attack any Arabs or harm anyone. All of these examples show prejudice and its effect one way or another. .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8 , .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8 .postImageUrl , .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8 , .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8:hover , .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8:visited , .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8:active { border:0!important; } .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8:active , .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8 .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u487d166ba872870e4313f342dfe62fe8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ernest Rutherford EssayAn additional theme The Return portrays is cultural/family pressures. An example of when the novel illustrates this is during the Ethiopian holiday Segid. All or most Ethiopian Jews must gather and perform Sabbath services. An Ethiopian Jew must look their very best and act with proper decorum during this time. This is a cultural pressure because one must worry about his/her looks and acts. Another cultural pressure is that one always must wear their shamma. This is a pressure because the shamma must constantly be worn due to Ethiopian religion. A family pressure that The Return illustrates

4 Tips On Making Your Movie Review from EssaySupply.com

4 Tips On Making Your Movie Review How to write a movie review For many people, a review can be the making or breaking point of a movie as it is used to help the reader, or in other terms, a potential audience member gains insight about the film. Even the simplest phrase such as "The best" or "The worst" can be the words that help the potential viewer and audience member decide whether or not they will see the film. As a review writer or reviewer, your job is to give your opinion, as well as help the reader decide whether or not they should see the movie for themselves. These are a few tips on how to write an insightful movie review with many high-quality details. Always watch the film first We've all seen this at least once. An article stating that a film that hasn't even come out yet is saying the movie is one of the best films ever to be produced. Or they use phrases and keywords that make it obvious they had never even watched the movie. This can be a huge turn off to an audience as they want to feel as though the opinion is honest about the film they want to watch. So don't base your opinions on what you hear, instead, take a couple of hours to watch the movie once for entertainment, and if you need to get once again a better opinion of it. Find out who your audience is All films are made with a different audience in mind, some differing with only minor details while others differ majorly. For example, you may write a movie review about "300" from an entirely different standpoint if your audience was a group of theater arts students instead of history students. A simple change can completely switch your mindset, and instead of thinking along the terms of "Is this historically accurate" or "did they dress that way." By changing the audience to theater students you begin to think in terms such as "Why did they choose to film there" or "why did they choose to kill those characters, but not those characters." Don't criticize or praise without detail We can all say whether or not a movie is good or bad. However, the reviewer wants to know why. Instead of saying "This movie was too long." Say something along the lines of, "There were too many subplots that pulled away from the actual story" or "Much of the dialogue could have been cut out and it wouldn't have made much of a difference." Even praise shouldn't exist without particular reason or insight. If you find a movie to be wonderfully entertaining, you may be tempted to write how great it was with no hesitation. However, you should still review it from a critique from a standpoint. Instead of saying something along the lines of "This movie was so fantastic, everyone should see it." You may want to say something like, "I enjoyed this film, it was quick to pull me into the story and kept me on the edge of my seat." to give your audience a more exact reason to see the film. Research the filmmaker Find out what other films they have made, take in the details of each film and how they improved with each film. Even use comparisons, by using phrases such as "One of the best films since his last feature presentation hit." or "The film was obviously an attempted repeat of their classic film" to allow the audience to derive a particular viewpoint on the movie based on the words you give them. Following these easy steps allows to learn fast how to make a movie review, or a small reminder for those who alraedy familiar with the assignment.

To What Degree was Reconstruction after the Civil War successful essays

To What Degree was Reconstruction after the Civil War successful essays Reconstruction was successful politically in its attempts to solve the problems of how to deal with the newly freed slaves and how to bring the seceded states back into the Union after the Civil War; however, many of these methods were unsuccessful or had no effect socially or economically. Some solutions determined by Reconstruction included: the passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments; the Freedmens Bureau; the Reconstruction Act of 1837, the Civil Rights Act, and the Enforcement Act of 1870. In 1865, Congress ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which stated that Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States. Simply put, the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. The passage of this amendment was successful politically; however, many states did not readily enforce this law. Many even passed discriminatory laws known as black codes. These laws were seen by Republicans as the driving vehicle for the reconstitution of the Democratic Party in the South. The black codes placed numerous restrictions on African-Americans including the prohibition of blacks to carry weapons, serve on juries, testify against whites, marry whites, start their own businesses, and travel without permits. The Thirteenth Amendment allowed for the freedom of African-Americans, but they were far from equal. However, with the help of the Freedmens Bureau, former slaves began to slowly pull themselves back up. The Freedmens Bureau was created by Congress just before the war to aid refugees, freedmen, and Southerners who had been uprooted by the Civil War by furnishing supplies and medical services, establishing schools, distributing clothing, and much more. Although the Freedmens Bureau lasted only a short time, it did succeed in establishing and assisting numerous educational i...

Bibliography sketch of the author Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bibliography sketch of the author - Essay Example Because of his articulate literature, he has won several awards, including the Margaret Edwards Award, National Humanities Medal, and Newbery Medal (Stevens 86). Richard did not begin his career as a novelist. He was a high school teacher who read passionately and dreamt of becoming a novelist one day. He started his writing profession when he was transferred to a junior high school as an English teacher. Occasioned by this transfer, he decided to cut short his teaching career and embark on writing novels. He used his observations at the junior school to write his first novel. He learned a lot from his students. Richard Wayne Peck loved young adult very much. He wanted to inspire their mind change their thinking. That is why Richard chose to write about Young-adult fiction, mystery, and horror (Bostrom 204). Richard is a well-educated writer. He studied his first degree at DePauw University in 1956. He advanced with a bachelors gradation in English and spent much of his time as a member of Delta Chi fraternity at University of Exeter. Later in 1959, he completed his masters degree in English at Southern Illinois University. He also taught junior school and high school English while studying his masters at the university. He continued teaching English until 1971 when he authored his first novel entitled â€Å"Dont Look and It Wont Hurt.† The novel was published in 1972 by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. The novel illustrates the life of a teenage girl who was struggling to understand her place within the world and her family. Richard is a versatile novelist. He has steadily grown to join the list America’s most respected writers. He is cherished by young adults and middle graders worldwide because of his mystical coming of age novels. He writes novels that are perfectly suited for children and young adult literature. In fact, every association and publications dealing with children literature have recommended Richard Peck’s books. His

Logistics Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Logistics Management - Assignment Example This paper will look into the inventory control process of a business named Big D, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses and providing recommendations for improving it. Improving Inventory Control Before determining the course of action for improving inventory control, a SWOT analysis would be helpful since it would help define the areas the business needs to work on. From the SWOT analysis, it can be ascertained that by bringing certain changes in the inventory control, Big D can improve its working efficiency. First of all, records of all purchases, orders and deliveries should be kept. Second lot of production should not be started till the first has been finished. Products that have been made should not be stored and put on hold till the entire lot has been produced; rather focus should be on preventing excess storage when the products can be delivered timely. Records of previous sales, demand and supply should be used to guide supply for future production and records of each lot's inventories should be maintained. Records should be kept of accumulated parts from previous orders to guide future decisions. Delivery of products with a shorter shelf life and a higher risk of obsolescence should have a higher priority over those products which do not. Records of individual line of products should be kept. If the records suggest that ordering in small quantities is not economical, the business should shift to ordering bulk. Vendors and suppliers must be re-evaluated, and the most economical should be chosen. Records of losses sustained due to pilferage, breakage and misplacement should be noted.   Record Keeping System for Inventory Control The type of recordkeeping that would suit the business will be determined by its requirements and characteristics. Since the business has operations in various aspects of supply and production, a double entry account keeping system would allow it to self-balance its purchases and regulate the flow of inventory. In contr ast to a single entry record keeping system, the double entry system is most appropriate for businesses that are aiming to attain efficient financial management (Longenecker, Moore, Palich & Petty, 2006). They would provide greater insight into the functioning of the business which makes the advantages of this system outweigh its disadvantages such as increased time needed to input the information. Moreover, electronic record keeping systems would make the process yet more efficient and so should be preferred over manual records (Moore, Petty, Palich and Longenecker, 2008). Forecasting Inventory Control for Big D Forecasting is an important aspect of inventory management. According to the Business Dictionary (2012), forecasting is defined as â€Å"a planning tool that helps management in its attempts to cope with the uncertainty of the future, relying mainly on data from the past and present and analysis of trends†. Forecasting can enable Big D to predict the quantity of the raw materials it requires according to the demand. Deducing a transactions’ trend from previous records, forecasting can help determine the expected demand for goods and to purchase materials in bulk accordingly. By knowing the time it takes for each lot to be completed, it will also allow the business to plan its production run within a time limit. Countering Delivery Delays Transportation delays can be prevented by delivering the completed products as they are produced without waiting for the

Satyagraha in a Secular World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Satyagraha in a Secular World - Essay Example In comparing this set of beliefs with Christianity, we find that they do not have much in common. Christianity has one God and no meditation practices or physical exercises to support our mind or brain functionality. Christianity's only bold set of ethics would be the Ten Commandments. Christians believe in the Soul outlives the body in Heaven (or perhaps in Hell), but have no belief in rebirth of the soul into a new body as Hindus do. As well as the origin of Satyagraha we must also understand its meaning. Directly translated, Satyagraha means "Insistence on truth, and the force derivable from such insistence."(Dilks, Hansen, and Parfitt) Gandhi created Satyagraha to develop a nonviolent resistance to help India (or any country or person) peacefully enforce their will upon their opponent, which at the time was Britain and their colonial rule over India. Gandhi insisted on self-suffering for Satyagraha to work. He calls this "Truth-Force", which basically means that to enforce something upon someone it is more effective to do so through self-suffering, rather than through the suffering of the opponent. Satyagraha believes that there is some truth in everything, even our enemies, and it takes all of the individual portions of truth to make up the total truth. When we burden our enemies with suffering, pain, or sacrafice, their truth becomes inaccessible to us and we have no way to obtain the bigger truths. Gandhi c laims that the opponent must also be deterred from taking the wrong action by showing him patience and sympathy. As I understand it, the easiest, and most primitive, way to interpret the principle of Satyagraha is as follows: Gandhi is showing the same principle of one brother nagging (poking, pinching, name calling) at another. If one brother is constantly nagging another and the brother being nagged continually gets upset, the brother doing the nagging will always continue on to entertain himself with his other brother upsetting himself. When the brother being nagged shows no reaction, and does not get upset or disrupt the cause, he is accepting self suffering and the nagging stops very quickly. Because India is mainly of Hindu belief, and was previously occupied and ruled by Britain, India became the perfect place for the principle of Satyagraha to evolve. Gandhi was the spiritual leader of an oppressed people living in an occupied land. The loss of their territory, heritage, and national identity created a need for a strong principle that could unite the country. Gandhi and his principles would not have as much of an impact in the Americas or in Europe as it did in India because there was no great desperation for independence. The Americans and Europeans had been afforded the basic rights of expression and thought, and had the right to self-determination. The U.S. was no longer under British rule, although in the 1770's it did have to win independence for the 13 colonies. Europe was under the threat to be ruled by Germany, but was at war, and had not completely come under the rule of them. I do not believe Satyagraha could win a war. However, it is a useful political tool that can unite a population behind a compassionate cause. It was an effective movement to

Environmental Analysis Of Ryanair

Environmental Analysis Of Ryanair In spite of lots of controversies, in august 2006 Air Transport World Magazine announced that Ryanair was the most profitable airline in the world on the basis of its operating and net profit margins (case study). The purpose of this report is to undertake an environmental analysis of European airline industry with implications to Rynair. On the bases of environmental analysis Ryanairs success and its sustainability in European budget airline industry is critically assessed. An environmental analysis is undertaken on the European airline industry with implication to Ryanair using tools such as PESTEL analysis, Porter five forces, SWOT analysis and Strategic group analysis. Pestel analysis is one of the important tools to analyse environmental factors influencing organisations strategy. PESTEL stands for political, economic, social, technology, environmental and legal. It is important for organisation to analyse how these factors are changing and how they are likely to change in the future (Johnson et. al, 2009). PESTEL analysis is used to analysis macro-environment in which Ryanair operates and to identify key-drivers of change. Government policies can influence to a large extend on airline industry. After the terrorist attract in 2001 UK authorities imposed serve security measures at all airports. As a result of this Ryanair suffered a loss of 1.9 million Euros on reduced bookings. Airport and handling charges was increased by 21% in 2006, which could put more pressure on budget airline like Ryanair. In 2005 EU regulations came into effect, which forced the airline to refund fares to passengers in case of delays, cancellations or denied boarding. Economic climate plays a vital role in influencing airline industry. During time of recession people refer to reduce their expenses which could reflect on number of people travelling in a flight, they may use any other alternative transport. The main economic factors that concerns airline industry is increase in fuel price, which forced some of the airlines to include fuel surcharges into airfares. Ryanair guaranteed its customers that it will not add fuel surcharges into their tickets. Current fluctuation in exchange rate is another issue in airline industry. The fuel price was always quoted in US dollars therefore there is always a risk in converting, as Ryanair deals with Euros. Ryanair had not hedged early, so it was paying $70 per barrel of oil up to October 2009 while other airlines were paying $50 to $60 per barrel of oil. Social: Social factors include social life style, demographic, perceptions which could also influence airline industry. It is expected that by 2012 there will be more old people in European countries; this will be the key to all airlines to come up with something special for them. Ryanair charged up to  £18 for using wheelchair and check in baggage and advertising standards rebuked the airline for misleading advertisement complaint, all these could create a negative impact on customers. Technological: With new technological improvement flying has became a new experience for passengers. New flights, online boarding, in flight entertainment system are some of the technological advancement in airline industry. In 2001 Ryanair launched its website which facilitates car hotel rentals, rail services and travel insurance, all at low prices. The airline website was largest travel website in Europe and fifth most recognised brand on Google, offering huge potential in E-commerce and advertising revenues. Ryanair brought new Boeing 737-800 aircraft which is more environmentally-friendly, reducing fuel consumption by 2%. Environmental: The airline industry is been accused by various social groups for emissions of carbon. Aviation represents 2.6% of carbon emissions in the EU, Oxford university study predicted that carbon from aviation would accelerate. Therefore airline industry was asked to play environmental taxes which could put more pressure on all airlines. Ryanair protested against this taxation arguing aviation contributes only small proportion of carbon emissions. Legal: Ryanair filed two cases against UK government: one for claim to compensate the carrier for lost flights and bookings; another was for increase in insurance costs for all commercial airlines. The carrier was sued by Swedens prime minister and a former foreign minister for placing their photos in one of companys advertising campaign without getting their permission. Porters Five Forces The five forces model was introduced by Porter, which helps to identify the sources of competition in an industry or sector. Although initially used with business in mind, it is of value to most organisations (Johnson and Scholes, 2002). Porters five forces model is used to analyse the level of competition existing in airline industry. Competitive Rivalry: The low-cost airline market is very competitive compared to other markets. The concept of low cost can be easily copied by rivals, which leads to high competition in the industry. Two major low-cost airlines (EasyJet and Ryanair) have always avoided direct competition by serving different routes. There is high level of competition for Ryanair and other established airlines in getting landing permissions and departure slots. Bargaining Power of Customers: Customers who prefer low-cost airline are often price sensitive and tend to switch over to another airline. Now days all airlines are online which has made customers relatively easier and cheaper for them to more to another airline. Moreover they try to maintain some sort of loyalty towards the airline in which they frequently fly. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The major cost for all airline industry is fuel prices, which is constantly increasing. There is no alternative to aviation fuel therefore oil companies has high bargaining power. Boeing supplies plans to Ryanair, if they have to switch to another supplier it will cost them high since they have to retrain its pilots. Bigger airports like Heathrow has a high bargaining power than smaller airports, thus it will be difficult for Ryanair to operate from these airports. Threat of New Entrants: The low-cost model can be easily adopted by others and can enter into the market. There are also some barriers for the new entrants like requires huge capital investment, availability of slots and price war existing in routes where other low-cost airlines operates. The new entrants have to get prior authorisations which are not easily these days and need to setup strong base in order to survive in the competition. Substitutes: Not all people prefer to travel by flights. Especially during time of recession most people avoid flights and travel by other cheap alternatives like travel by sea or by trains or by ferries or by cars. There are some people who may be aerophobia (Fear of flying), these people try to avoid flying and choose other alternative. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis summarises the key issues from the business environment and the strategic capability of an organisation that are most likely to impact on strategy development. It aims at identifying the extent to which the current strengths and weakness are relevant in dealing with threats in the environment (Johnson and Scholes, 2002). It is very useful tool in environmental analysis, which helps to find out strengths, weakness and opportunities threats of Ryanair. Strengths and weakness are concerned in detail to analyse current position of the company, complete SWOT analysis can be found in Appendix 3. Strengths: Ryanairs CEO Michael OLeary is one of the main strength to the airline as he often comes up with new ideas and was credited with single-handedly transforming European air transport. Ryanair always operates from small airports thus reducing their costs on airport charges and gaining suitable departure SLOTS. In 2000, Ryanair launched its website www.Ryanair.com, which facilitated car and hotel rentals, rail services and travel insurance and all at low prices (Box and Byus, 2007). The airline uses Boeing 737-800 which is more environmental friendly and also reduces fuel consumption by 2%. Weakness: Ryanair is always criticised for charging for wheelchair and check-in luggage which could leaves a negative image on the customers. The staffs and crew members are not well trained therefore not customer friendly. Ryanair always avoided bigger airports and concentred on small regional airports, which could be a drawback for the company for future expansion. Other important concern for Ryanair is its relationship with authorities, the airline often involved in some kind of crash with them. Strategic Group Analysis Strategic groups are organisations within an industry with similar strategic characteristics, following similar strategies or competing on similar bases. There are many different characteristics that distinguish between strategic groups but these are classified into two major categories: scope of organisations activities and resource commitment (Johnson et. al., 2008). The main competitors to Ryanair are EasyJet and Aer Lingus. Strategic group analysis (Appendix 5) is used to understand the competition, strategic opportunities and mobility barriers of Ryanair in low cost airline industry. Strategic Groups in Low-cost industry In Europe there are three main airlines providing low-cost flights to destinations namely Ryanair, EasyJet, Aer Lingus. Ryanair is dominant low-cost producer and has a gross cash of more than 1.8bn Euros. EasyJets majority of passengers are UK based, but becoming pan-European player. Aer Lingus is another low-cost airline operating from Dublin serving more than 70 destinations across Europe and US. Figure 1 in appendix 5 shows the positioning of these airlines on bases of passengers capacity and their market share in industry. Ryanair and EasyJet have 56% of market share in low-cost industry. Strategic Space in Industry Strategic group maps help us to identify the most attractive strategic spaces within an industry. A strategic group map is only the first stage of the analysis; strategic spaces need to be tested carefully (Johnson et. al., 2008). In low-cost airline industry, for instance the airlines can serve long haul routes which could help them in expansion. They can also consider moving into other low-cost segments like trains and offer its passengers new attractive products and services (figure 2 in appendix 5). Mobility Barriers Moving across the map to gain competitive advantage is costless but it often involves difficult decisions and rare resources. Mobility barriers are the obstacles to movement from one strategic group to another (Johnson et. al., 2008). Similarly in the low-cost airline industry (figure 3 in appendix 5) it will be difficult for airlines to move to another strategic group. The lack of experience in long haul routes, increasing fuel prices, high competition from big airlines like British airways and other regional airlines are some of the barriers which could put more pressure on airlines to move to another strategic group. RYANAIRS SUCCESS When Ryanair was started in 1990, everyone where anxious to see its performance in an industry where there was a monopoly created by giants like British Airways and Lufthansa. In response to this, the airline became one of the successful low-cost airlines operating from 127 destinations around the world (Case study). There have been many ups and downs for Ryanair since its launch but it continues to be successful in its operation. The success of an airline depends on how and what it offers to its customers. In case on Ryanair, it always tried to offer its passengers low-cost airfares at all times. The airline often comes up with new ideas which make them to reduce its airfares. These new ideas differentiate it from other traditional airlines. One of the main differentiate is its website, the companys site is largest travel website which was recording 50000 bookings per week (Box and Byus, 2007). The website also provides additional facilities to its customers like car, hotel rental, rail services and travel insurance, all at low prices. The airline offers customers online check-in which enables them to save its costs on printing tickets and other additional costs. The use of internet also makes it easy and quicker for customers to check-in. LIMITATIONS OF MODELS USED PESTEL Analysis The environment is constantly changing therefore PESTEL analysis should be done on regular basis and information needs to be accurate (Campbell et. al, 2002). PESTEL analysis is very expensive in terms of cost and time The effectiveness of this model depends on the level of prediction made on future. No one can predict the future. The speed of changes makes it difficult for managers to anticipate developments that may affect the organisation in future. Porters Five Forces Porters five force model assumes that all companies try to achieve competitive advantage over others in the industry This model assumes that goal of competitive advantage is to dominate suppliers and buyers (Campbell et. al, 2002). Internal environment is not taken into account It is difficult to use this model in complex industries with multiple interrelations. SWOT Analysis It is not critically analysed The data used in the analysis may be based on assumptions. Lacks detailed structure. It usage rarely amounts to much more than a poorly structured, very general list of factors regarded by the proposing individual as important components of the organisations strategic situation (David, 1997). Value Chain The concept of value chain disaggregates a company into activity or the discrete functions or processes that represent the elemental building blocks of competitive advantage (Porter, 1998). There is risk of losing control of proprietary knowledge, skills, capability, or competence as these are disseminated to supply chain members (Morden, 2007). It can be applied only to manufacturing companies not to service industries. Strategic Group Analysis Difficult to group companies based on their strategy. Strategic groups are relatively unstable.

Snakes, Facts and Falsehoods :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hesson, 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With its long slender body the snake is probably the funniest shaped creature you will ever encounter. There are many benefits regarding this wonderful reptile that make it a high asset to the world. It has been said that people are always afraid of what is different, afraid of what they do not know. Many of the rumored questions can be easily dispelled. From questions like what is a Thamnophis sirtalis, to where the extracting organs are located. First, let us dispel any of the rumors that are around about these guys. Despite popular belief, the snake does not swallow there young to protect them from harm; the stomach would immediately start to digest them. This myth came around from fear and adrenaline, but snakes cannot crawl faster than a human can run. The tongue of the snake is not a stinger, but actually a sensory organ. In addition, snakes are not slimy, because they do not secrete any kind of oil. Now that we have started uncovering the truth about these reptiles, we can start with some facts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the world today, there are about 2,500 known species of snakes belonging to more than ten families. In the U.S., there are about 127 species, with thirty-eight species found within the U.S. (including five venomous Hesson, 3 ones). Most people wonder what will happen to them if they do happen to encounter a snake. Will I get bitten, is it venomous, will I die, is someone going to have to suck the poison out of the wound, is it trying to kill me, should I try to kill him? A lot of things are happening at this point, more than likely the snake is just trying to defend itself. In addition, it has all the right to do so. First, you disrupted the snake, it did not disrupt you. How would you feel if A five to six foot thing with two legs and hair growing on it almost stepped on you and you were a only a half foot off the ground, you would be pretty shocked. More than likely, the snake is harmless. If by chance the snake is a venomous or dangerous snake just simply stop, and walk slowly away from it. Do not threaten it or try to kill it, just back away. With all this talk about confrontation and how to avoid the snake, it would make sense to mention what to stay on the look out for.

Food Essay Essay

Food. When people see or hear that word, many of them think of food as something that just keeps us healthy and alive. In my perspective that is true. But there is so much more to it than many people see. It is cultural, a tradition, and can have many different meanings. It can also be seen as edible art and a way to express yourself. To me, it is a way to get away from everything. As a child, I didn’t enjoy eating what my parents wanted me to. I was obsessed with sugary treat and that is almost the only thing I’d enjoy eating. Going to the dentist was always a pain because I was always scared of the dentist which till this day I don’t like going to the dentists. My mother would always think I would have a lot of cavities but to her surprise I never had any cavities as a child. But the bad side was, I would always get stomach aches because of the amounts of sugar I would eat. Even that wouldn’t stop my sweet tooth. As I got older I slowly realized that there are so many other foods that taste amazing! I would begin eating more and more foods that were different. And nowadays I love food! I eat everything that my mother will cook; I am not the same picky child as I was before. I not only love to eat food, but I love to cook as well. I’m definitely not an amazing cook but I still love it and it means a lot to me. Just give me a recipe and the ingredients and I will be fine. Just like anyone my age, I started off cooking small and easy foods. I would begin with cooking eggs, omelets, brownies and pancakes. And I would slowly make more and more types of food. For example I love cooking pasta and making sushi with my mother. It doesn’t seem like very high end kind of foods to make but it does the job well and tastes great and is healthy at the same time. Now that I am an adult, more is more expected from me from both my parents and my boyfriend. All three of them are making me learn to cook more and more because it’s something everyone my age should know how to do. Food is not only great tasting, but also is a stress reliever; a mood changer. Whenever I am feeling down, sad or maybe even bored I can always count on my kitchen because it isn’t going anywhere and is always there when I need it. Especially when I have an anxiety attack and I just want to be alone, I plug in my earphones, turn up my music and eat of course. It really helps me at home and helps me cope with being away from my boyfriend who is stationed on the other side of America and who just got home from Afghanistan. Just something about food that helps me feel better all the time. As a child I remember always watching my mother cooking and all. And just like every other child I always wanted to help because it would make me feel more grown up. So as awesome as my mother is, she would let me help her. Of course she gave me the easiest things to help her with. For example, if she was baking a cake she would let me crack the eggs, put in the butter, use the measuring cup to put in the right amount of flour. And she would even let me mix the batter too sometimes. When my mother would let me do all those things it made me feel so empowered and I felt like a responsible adult. As I got older, cooking had a special place in my heart. She would slowly let me make on my own, with her by my side of course. Making sure I’m doing it right. Till this day I remember always sneaking into the kitchen and steal some batter from the cake she was making and run off giggling. I would also sneak the chocolate she was using. Every time my mother bakes, I always have these memories. The house would always smell so good when she would cook. Food isn’t just plain and simple. It is unique and is almost fragile. While cooking even the smallest change in the recipe can change the taste of the dish dramatically. With spices especially it can change the food because if you put too little it won’t taste good, same if you out too much. You have to put in the perfect amount for it to taste good. Not only is the taste of the food good, but also the smell of the food while cooking is amazing. While cooking the smell of the food cooking just makes you want to eat it a lot more. When it comes to cooking, my mother is my biggest inspiration because no matter what is going on at home, when my mom fixes us some food; it of course doesn’t fix any of the problems but it does lighten the mood and helps us feel a little better. I’ve noticed that many arguments are when people are hungry or have an empty stomach. She absolutely loves cooking and it makes her happy and it’s the same for me as well. As I was younger, I would love to watch cooking shows where they compete over who can cook the best, also I would love watching the shows where they show a lot of cooking gadgets. Those shows always caught my attentions. Watching those shows just amazes me because of the things people can create with food, it’s just breath taking and makes me so happy! As for being Ukrainian and Polish, we h ave many different types of food that we make. In my culture we eat a lot of potatoes. Many people think it’s funny and weird that we eat a lot of potatoes but to me it tastes good and it is very healthy. We also make many different salads. Being Ukrainian and Polish and coming from a fairly large family, we eat a lot so it opens my eyes to many different types of food and makes me interested in trying everything. If I had to describe food in my perspective in the least amount of words I’d have to say that food to me is not just food, it’s a way I live my day to day life and what I create with food is not just to keep me stress free but is also a hobby and a way I keep people I know happy. Food isn’t just something we can just describe as a culture or what goes in our stomachs.

Darwins Theory Of Natural Selection Essays - Charles Darwin

Darwin's Theory Of Natural Selection Essays - Charles Darwin Darwin's Theory Of Natural Selection Charles Darwin revolutionized biology when he introduced The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859. Although Wallace had also came upon this revelation shortly before Origins was published, Darwin had long been in development of this theory. Wallace amicably relinquished the idea to Darwin, allowing him to become the first pioneer of evolution. Darwin was not driven to publish his finding, which hed been collecting for several years before Wallace struck upon it, because he had never come across a single [naturalist] who seemed to doubt to permanence of species (Ridley, pp. 70). What follows are the key points of Darwins Theory of Natural Selection taken directly from the two chapters concerning it in his book Origins. In chapter III of Origins Darwin sets up his discussion on Natural Selection by establishing the struggle for existence in nature. By this he means not only an individuals need to fend of enemies and survive its environment but also its ability to create living, healthy, successful offspring. The first factor concerning this struggle is the ratio of increase in any given species. Darwin explains how this struggle must be occurring otherwise a single species would dominate the entire earth because every single one of its offspring would survive. This is due to the fact that every species reproduces exponentially, a rate that would soon produce astonishing numbers if left unchecked. This does not happen however, because nature has a system of checks and balances. Although we may not be able to detect these checks, we can see their effects by the indisputable fact that one species doesnt completely dominate the planet. These checks consist of enemies eating the young or even adults, the rigors of weather or environment, and countless others. In this way birds, for example, cannot populate beyond their food supply, and the grains they feed on are held in check, because even though they may produce thousands of seeds only a few are able to reach maturity. Darwin goes on to show how all plants and animals compete and relate to each other in this struggle for existence. He does so by relating various personal observations that show the introduction of a different species of plant or animal can have a direct effect on the present survival of the indigenous species and even allow other foreign species to proliferate. This leads to interspecies survival, which Darwin considers the hardest struggle of all, and the one that may have the greatest effect on the evolution of a species through Natural Selection. It springs forth from the similarity in habits and constitution. Plants and animals of the same species must compete for the same food and the same space to live in. Also, the original make-up of a plant or animal may give it an advantage to thrive in an ever-competitive environment. This brings us to Natural Selection and survival of the fittest that Darwin is most known for. Darwin begins chapter IV by comparing human selection to natures ability to select, dubbing his theory Natural Selection, and explaining how imperceptible it is for us (at least science in his time) to examine the minute changes slowly taking place in nature. Variations in a species now come into play, and how these adaptations concern Natural Selection. Slight differences in an individual of a species will give rise to two situations. One is that it will be an injurious variation, which will definitely lead to the death of the individual because of the aforementioned struggle for existence. The other is a favorable adaptation in the individual's ability to gather nutrients, survive its enemies, survive its environment, etc. The chance of this individual surviving is greater than its less adapted competitors, however slight, which gives it a better chance of leaving progeny. These progeny will also have these abilities, increasing their chances of survival. Changes in the young can a lso bring about changes in the adult, as the individual approaches maturity, due to the difference in its original constitution. Once again, it will possibly leave new traits to its progeny (if they are advantageous and this variation doesnt die out), spreading the variation throughout the community and continuing the cycle

Case Study Ziba Design Essay Example

Case Study Ziba Design Essay Example Case Study Ziba Design Essay Case Study Ziba Design Essay It may all come down to Gibbs unique approach to new product development, an intricate process that is entered on understanding consumers in a deep and profound way. New products dont start in the RD lab, before any product development or design work even begins theres a tremendous amount of deep consumer research. People are in search of meaning these days. We have enough stuff to choose from, we have enough companies that give us whatever we desire or what we want. It is now what does it mean to me, its got to be meaningful, and to be meaningful you have to understand your consumer. Discuss what Occurs before Saba Develops a Design or Advertising Program So how do Slabs teams begin to understand customers Through extensive research that In turn Is formulated Into customer Insights. Its a process of uncovering Information Like an archeologist. What makes a product great Great Products dont ask their customer what they should be, great products say this Is what they are. They basically anticipate customer needs, they dont wait for the customer to tell them what they should be and that they delight customers in new and interesting ways. It May all come down to Gibbs unique approach to new reduce development. An intricate process that is centered around understanding consumers in a deep and profound way. When Saba takes on a new client they start the process by asking if they know there customer, a simple question that many cant answer, do they know what motivates them, drives them. Do they know their strategic customer Then they ask, what do you stand for What are your values How are your values manifested in the messages you send out And they are firm about any design being In line with the brand, In really speaking to that targeted customer. Ask a question what subject Is here, what are we trying to do here, what Is the best thing to do here and what is right for the customer, what is right with the brand that makes you understand really well how to put it together. They dont try to create something different that is not going to get you anywhere. They are going to create something meaningful that the consumer authenticates with the brand. Saba Effectively contributes to Brand Recognition for Product Promotions in the Marketplace The definition of Brand Recognition is the extent to which the general public (or an organizations target market) is able to identify a brand by its attributes. Brand recognition is most successful when people can state a brand without being explicitly exposed to the companys name, but rather through visual signifier like logos, slogans and colors. (Investigated) Calla does more than designs products, their efforts contribute to brand recognition. One of Its most recent challenges Involved creating an Integrated experience for consumers for Portland south water front, a thriving urban neighborhood that didnt yet exists. They had to help people

Term paper that present the knowledge and depth you obtained in this Essay

Term paper that present the knowledge and depth you obtained in this class. The paper can be from any topic discussed or not in - Essay Example Definition Cushing’s Syndrome is a disorder involving the hormones and is particularly caused by an abnormal increase in the amount of the hormone cortisol or other glucocorticoid hormones in the blood (Nieman et al., 2008). In the case of an overactive immune system, glucocorticoids usually turn down the inflammation system as a sort of negative feedback mechanism. However, if there is too much production of glucocorticoids, especially cortisol, in the blood, then the entire immune system might be turned down, thus leading to a variety of numerous physiological disturbances known as Cushing’s syndrome (Nieman et al., 2008). Causes The main cause of Cushing’s syndrome is the overproduction of adenocorticotropic hormone, or ACTH, by the pituitary gland, which is usually known as Cushing’s Disease. Another cause is an adrenal gland tumor that usually occurs among women over 40 years of age. A third cause is a tumor somewhere in the body which either produces too much cortisol or causes its production, such as tumors in the pancreas, lungs or thyroid that oversecrete ACTH (Nieman et al., 2008). ... However, the most initial step for Cushing’s syndrome is the ACTH stimulating the adrenal glands for the production of cortisol (Blevins, 2002). Symptoms Cushing’s Syndrome is characterized by â€Å"reddish purple striae, plethora, proximal muscle weakness, bruising with no obvious trauma, as well as unexplained osteoporosis† (Nieman et al., 2008). Other symptoms of the disease include â€Å"obesity, depression, diabetes, hypertension, or menstrual irregularity† (Nieman et al., 2008). If Cushing’s Syndrome affects the higher brain centers in the case of complications, it may cause anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, alcoholism and diabetes. Other more noticeable symptoms include obesity of the upper torso coupled with disproportionately thin limbs, a round and red face with characterized fullness, and acne or certain other skin infections. The less common symptoms include a buffalo hump, backache, tenderness and pain of the bones, rib and spine fractures, weak muscles, excessive hair growth in the woman, impotence and lack of sexual desire in men, and certain headache, tiredness and feelings of thirst and hunger (Nieman et al., 2008). Treatment The treatment of choice is surgical removal of the tumor. This should be followed by treatment with hydrocortisone or hydrocortisone replacement therapy because cortisol levels will go down fast once the tumor is removed. Moreover, in the case of patients with malignant adrenal cortical neoplasm, the treatment of choice must be open adrenalectomy (Thomson et al., 2010). Through an MRI scan, cases of mediastinal masses that intertwine with the heart nerves must be done with extreme care so as not to injure such a delicate organ. Moreover, CT-guided coaxial core biopsy to investigate whether it is

The assingment is answering 10 Questions Research Paper - 2

The assingment is answering 10 Questions - Research Paper Example Further, it respects the rights of people by allowing them to elect leaders of their choice as opposed to the government in the film that was characterized by anarchy. 2. The character of "V" is very complex. Some of his deeds are noble, while others are monstrous. In the film he makes a threat to carry out one specific act on November 5 of the following year. Is that act moral or immoral? Is it useful in a fight against tyranny? Make reference to what Immanuel Kant would think of these acts? These acts were moral because they were aimed to produce the common good for the majority people who had been intimidated and oppressed by the government. For Immanuel Kant, the categorical imperative would have determined these acts as moral duty because it aimed to produce moral good not harm. In addition, according to Kant, moral action should not be based on person’s feelings or pity nor the desire to get a reward but on what you ought to do as a person. ‘V’ is not a terrorist because he is fighting to oust an oppressive government that is murdering and unjustly detaining people. The acts of ‘V ’are not terrorist since they target the corrupt regime not the citizens. He is determined to overthrow the ruling regime in order to establish a just society that respects its people. Therefore, the killing of ‘Norsefire’ party members cannot be justified as terrorist deeds because even these people orchestrate the murder of those who oppose the government. Yes, I agree with this tagline because it is people who are subjected to work in order to run the government. Thus, if the government oppresses them, they should revolt against such oppressive regime in order to get their freedom and liberty. Further, they should not fear the government because the voice of the mass cannot be ignored even with the use of guns or powerful military weapons since they will always triumph. 5. A

Managerial Accounting Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managerial Accounting Problem - Essay Example Depreciation only influences net income through taxes, but because I compute before-tax NPV, this doesn't matter. The net cash flow from each year is identical, so the present value of all cash flows can be calculated as PV of annuity with annual payment of 500,000 for 20 years. 2. When calculating after-tax NPV of the new lift, I continue using the data calculated in task #1, but expand it to include the effect of taxes. Depreciation is included in costs this time because it influences the income after tax and therefore the final cash flow. Depreciation is calculated based on MACRS recovery period of 10 years (taken from Table 6.4. on p.122, Brealey, Myers & Allen, 2006). The after-tax required return of 8% is used to calculate the net present value of cash flows from the project. Because the net cash flows for periods 12 - 20 are identical, I first found their net present value at the beginning of the 12th period and then discounted them back to period 0. 3. There is a number of subjective factors that can affect the investment decision apart from NPV of the project.

Communication Styles Essay Example for Free

Communication Styles Essay In this current context, the study investigates language and communication issues from the perspectives of two categories: (1) EAL professionals who are employed in their field and (2) managers in companies that employ them. Questions of language and communication need to be unpacked so that language educators, settlement services, employers, EAL immigrants and policy makers can understand language needs in more depth than a numerical proficiency level can provide. Investigating employers’ and EAL employees’ perspectives on communication experiences in the workplace can add to our understanding of these issues. The study aims to capture participants’ hindsight and reflections on their own employment experiences, as managers or employees. It attempts to build on findings of the existing research and also opens up issues for further questioning. It presents insights but also uncovers contradictions, and identifies directions for further research and policy adjustment. The study reported here comprises the interview phase of a two-part project; the second part, an observational case study of immigrant professionals in the workplace, is currently underway. Interviews of employers of EAL immigrant professionals and tertiary-educated EAL employees offer a focus on language and communication experiences in the workplace. Interviewees thus have the additional benefit of reflection and hindsight and the open-ended interview format allowed them to construct their own perspectives. While the study size and interpretive approach mean that the research findings are not generalizable, they present insights into issues that have been identified but not widely analyzed. The current system of pre-immigration testing to determine the level of language readiness for the workplace does not adequately reflect the breadth and depth of communicative needs in particular workplace contexts. For example, engineers who need to communicate with construction site workers, as well as clients on the telephone and colleagues in meetings need a range of English language competencies well beyond test taking skills. Nevertheless, it might be expected that highly-qualified, experienced EAL immigrants would feel confident that once they pass the language test requirements, their English would be adequate to perform their work. One drawback for both employers and employees is that communicative language development takes time. If newly-hired employees need to work immediately with customers and clients, employers may be disappointed in their communication skills. Likewise, if employees are in a workplace with little regular interpersonal contact, including informal contact where they can talk without job performance stress, their language development is disadvantaged. For example, the importance of asking questions and checking understanding can be emphasized, discussed and compared across cultures in language and work orientation programs. But employers can also adopt non-threatening strategies for checking comprehension, as well as giving feedback. Moreover, it is important to remember that miscommunication is a function of various situations and does not always arise from problems of English language ability. They tended to see their job as particular tasks and responsibilities for which they were well-qualified and experienced. Employers, on the other hand, considered interaction at work to be essential to smooth functioning of the workplace and to the establishment and maintenance of workplace relationships. They faulted EAL employees’ general lack of engagement in workplace interaction. This project has taken a step in investigating issues of language and communication in the workplace. The findings can be assessed against others’ knowledge and experience of employers and EAL immigrant professionals COMMUNICATION ACCOMODATION THEORY (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_accommodation_theory) Communication accommodation theory (CAT) is a theory of communication developed by Howard Giles. It argues that â€Å"when people interact they adjust their speech, their vocal patterns and their gestures, to accommodate to others†[1]. It explores the various reasons why individuals emphasize or minimize the social differences between themselves and their interlocutors through verbal and nonverbal communication. This theory is concerned with the links between â€Å"language, context and identity†.[2] It focuses on both the intergroup and interpersonal factors that lead to accommodation as well as the ways in which power, macro and micro-context concerns affect communication behaviors. [2] There are two main accommodation processes described by this theory. Convergence refers to the strategies through which individuals adapt to each other’s communicative behaviors, in order to reduce these social differences.[3] Meanwhile, Divergence refers to the instances in which individuals accentuate the speech and non-verbal differences between themselves and their interlocutors.[3] Sometimes when individuals try to engage in convergence they can also end up over-accommodating, and despite their good intentions their convergence can be seen as condescending. Background Speech accommodation theory The communication accommodation theory was developed by Howard Giles, professor of Communication at the University of California, Santa Barbara. It evolved from the speech accommodation theory (SAT), but can be traced back to Giles’ accent mobility model of 1973. The speech accommodation theory was developed in order to demonstrate the value of social psychological concepts to understanding the dynamics of speech. It sought to explain â€Å"the motivations underlying certain shifts in people’s speech styles during social encounters and some of the social consequences arising from them†. Particularly, it focused on the cognitive and affective processes underlying individuals’ convergence and divergence through speech. The communication accommodation theory has broadened this theory to include not only speech but also the â€Å"non-verbal and discursive dimensions of social interaction†. Thus, it now encompasses other aspects of communication. In addition CAT has moved in a more interdisciplinary direction than the previous speech accommodation theory. It now also covers a wider range of phenomena. Social psychology and social identity theory Like speech accommodation theory, communication accommodation theory continues to draw from social psychology, particularly from four main socio-psychology theories: similarity-attraction, social exchange, causal distribution and intergroup distinctiveness. These theories help to explain why speakers seek to converge or diverge from the language, dialect, accent and behavior of their interlocutors. CAT also relies heavily in social identity theory. This later theory argues that a person’s self-concept comprises a personal identity and a social identity, and that this social identity is based in comparisons people make between in-groups (groups to which they belong) and out-groups (groups to which they don’t belong). According to social identity theory, people strive to maintain a positive social identity by either joining groups where they feel more comfortable or making a more positive experience of belonging to the groups to which they already belong. Since speech is a way to express group membership, people adopt convergence or divergence in communication in order to â€Å"signal a salient group distinctiveness, so as to reinforce a social identity†. Communication accommodation thus, becomes a tool to emphasize group distinctiveness in a positive way, and strengthen the individual’s social identity. Four main socio-psychologies Similarity-attraction The similarity-attraction theory posits that â€Å"the more similar our attitudes and beliefs are to those of others, the more likely it is for them to be attracted to us. Convergence through verbal and non-verbal communication is one of the mechanisms that we can use to become more similar to others, increasing their attraction towards us. For this reason, it can be said that one of the factors which leads individuals to use convergence is a desire to obtain social approval from his or her interlocutor. It could hence be concluded that â€Å"the greater one’s need for social approval, the greater will be one’s tendency to converge.† Natalà © (1975), for instance, has found that speakers with high needs for approval converge more to another’s vocal intensity and pause length than those with low needs for approval†. An individual on the receiving end of high level of accommodation is likely to develop a greater sense of self-esteem and satisfaction than being a receiver of low accommodation. Social exchange process The social exchange process theory â€Å"states that prior to acting, we attempt to assess the rewards and costs of alternate courses of action†, and that we tend to choose whatever course of action will bring greater rewards and less costs. Although most often convergence can bring forth rewards, there are some occasions when it can also bring forth costs such as â€Å"increased effort to converge, a loss of perceived integrity and personal (and sometimes group) identity†. Hence when choosing whether or not to use convergence people assess these costs and rewards. Causal attribution process The causal attribution theory â€Å"Suggests that we interpret other people’s behavior, and evaluate the individual themselves, in terms of the motivations and intentions that we attribute as the cause of their behavior† It applies to convergence in that convergence might be viewed positively or negatively depending on the causes we attribute to it: â€Å"Although interpersonal convergence is generally favorably received, and non-convergence generally unfavorably received, the extent to which this holds true will undoubtedly be influenced by the listeners attributions of the speaker’s intent†. Giles and Smith provide the example of an experiment that they conducted amongst French and English speaking Canadians, in order to illustrate this. In this experiment, when individuals believed that the person from the different group used language convergence in order to reduce cultural barriers it was more positively evaluated than when they attributed convergence to the pressures of the situation, which forced them converge. â€Å"When French Canadian listeners attributed an English Canadian’s convergence to French as due to his desire to break down cultural barriers, the shift was viewed favorably. However, when this same behavior was attributed to pressures in the situation forcing the other to converge, positive feelings were not so strongly evoked†. Intergroup distinctiveness The process of intergroup distinctiveness, as theorized by Tajfel argues â€Å"that when members of different groups are in contact, they compare themselves on dimensions which are important to them, such as personal attributes, abilities, material possessions and so forth†. In these â€Å"intergroup social comparisons† individuals seek to find ways in which they can make themselves positively distinct from the out-group in order to enhance their social identity.[5] Because speech style and language is an important factor in defining social groups, divergence in speech style or language is often employed in order to maintain intergroup distinctiveness and differentiate from the out-group, especially when group membership is a salient issue or the individual’s identity and group membership is being threatened.[6] Assumptions Many of the principles and concepts from social identity theory are also applicable to communication accommodation theory. Under the influence of social psychology, especially social identity theory, communication accommodation theory are guided by mainly four assumptions. * There are speech and behavioral similarities and dissimilarities in all conversations. * The way in which we perceive the speech and behaviors of another will determine our evaluation of the conversation. * Language and behaviors have the ability to communicate social status and group belonging between people in a conversation. * Norms guide the accommodation process which varies in its degree of appropriateness. The first assumption indicates that people bring their past experience to conversations. Therefore, communication is not only influenced by situational conditions and initial reactions but the social-historical context in which the interaction is embedded†. People’s attitudes and beliefs, derived from those factors, determine the extent to which they are willing to accommodate in a conversation. The more similarities they share with each other, the more likely for them to accommodate. The second assumption is concerned with how people perceive and evaluate a conversation. Perception is the process of attending to and interpreting a message and evaluation is the process of judging a conversation.[1] When someone enters a conversation, usually he first observes what takes place and then decides whether he should make adjustment to fit in. However, the decision about accommodation is not always necessary. Imagine the encounter of two strangers, they may have a random small talk and simply say goodbye. In this case, neither of them is likely to evaluate the conversation since they have little possibility to meet again. The importance of language and behaviors is illustrated in the third assumption since they are indicators of social status and group belongings. When two people who speak different languages try to have a conversation, the language they agree to communicate with is more likely to be the one used by the higher status person. This idea of â€Å"salient social membership negotiation is well illustrated in the situation of an interview as the interviewee usually makes all efforts to identify with the interviewer by accommodating the way he speaks and behaves so that he can have more chance to secure the job. The last assumption puts emphasis on social appropriateness and norms. Here norms are defined as â€Å"expectations of behaviors that individuals feel should or should not occur in a conversation†. Those expectations give guidance to people’s behaviors, helping them to figure out the appropriate way to accommodate. Most of the time, the accommodation made according to those norms are perceived socially appropriate. For instance, when a young person talks to the seniors in his family, he should avoid using jargons among his generation to show respect and communicate more smoothly. Convergence, over-accomodation, and divergence Convergence Convergence refers to the process through which an individual shifts his speech patterns in interaction so that they more closely resemble the speech patterns of his interlocutor(s). People can converge through many features of communication such as their use of language, their â€Å"pronunciation, pause and utterance lengths, vocal intensities, nonverbal behaviors, and intimacy of self-disclosures†(Giles and Smith, 1979, 46), but they do not necessarily have to converge simultaneously at all of these levels. In fact people can both converge at some levels and diverge through others at the same time. People use convergence based on their perceptions of others, as well as what they are able to infer about them and their backgrounds. Attraction (likability, charisma, credibility), also triggers convergence. As Turner and West note, â€Å"when communicators are attracted to others they will converge in their conversations†. On the other hand, as the similarity attraction theory highlights, when people have similar beliefs, personality and behaviors they tend to be more attracted towards each other. Thus when an individual shifts his speech and non-verbal behaviors in order to assimilate to the other it can result in a more favorable appraisal of him that is: when convergence is perceived positively it is likely to enhance both the conversation and the attraction between the listener and the speaker. For this reason it could be said that convergence reflects â€Å"an individual’s desire for social approval† from his interlocutor, and that the greater the individual’s need for social approval, the more likely he or she is to converge. Besides attraction, other factors which â€Å"influence the intensity of this â€Å"need of approval and hence the level of convergence â€Å"includes the probability of future interactions, the social status of the addressee, and interpersonal variability for need of social approval†. Other factors that determine whether and to what extent individuals converge in interaction are their relational history, social norms and power variables. Because individuals are more likely to converge to the individual with the higher status it is likely that the speech in a conversation will reflect the speech of the individual with the higher status. Converging also increases the effectiveness of communication, which in turn lowers uncertainty, interpersonal anxiety, and increases mutual understanding. This is another factor that motivates people to converge. Over accommodation However, although people usually have good intentions when they attempt to use convergence in conversation, some interlocutors can perceive convergence as patronizing and demeaning and hence just as it can enhance conversation it can also detract from the processes of communication. Over accommodation can exist in three forms: Sensory over accommodation, dependency over accommodation, and intergroup over accommodation. Sensory over accommodation is when an individual thinks that he is being accommodative to someone’s linguistic or physical disability but overdoes it, so that the other person perceives his behavior as patronizing. Dependency over accommodation refers to the situations â€Å"when the speaker places the listener in a lower-status role so that the listener is made to appear dependent on the speaker and he or she understands that the speaker is the primary speaker in the conversation in order to communicate a higher status. And finally, intergroup over accommodation involves manipulating people based on a general stereotype and not as individuals with an individual persona. The socially categorized stereotypes that people hold of others result in these cognitively linked forms of over-accommodation. Over-accommodation takes place in all types of circumstances. For example, it is not uncommon for nurses or caretakers to speak to their elderly patients in baby talk. While the nurses may have the purest of intentions to care and to relate to them, the patients actually end up feeling degraded and underestimated. In this particular case, it also can cause difficulty in adapting to an institution and a dysfunctional environment. Divergence Divergence is a linguistic strategy whereby a member of a speech community accentuates the linguistic differences between his or herself and his interlocutor. In the most part it reflects a desire to emphasize group distinctiveness in a positive manner and it usually takes places when an individual perceives interaction as an intergroup process rather than an individual one. â€Å"Given that communication features are often core dimensions of what it is to be a member of a group, divergence can be regarded as a very important tactic of displaying a valued distinctiveness from the other., This helps to sustain a positive image of one’s in-group and hence to strengthen one’s social identity. Divergence can thus be a way for members of different groups to maintain their cultural identity, a mean to contrast self-images when the other person is considered a member of an undesirable group, and a way to indicate power or status differences, as when one individual wishes to render another one less powerful. Components of CAT Further research conducted by Gallois et al. in 1995 has expanded the theory to include 17 propositions that influence these processes of convergence and divergence. They are categorized into four main components: the sociohistorical context, the communicators’ accommodative orientation, the immediate situation and evaluation and future intentions.These components are essential to Communication accommodation Theory and affect the course and outcome of intercultural conversations. Sociohistorical context The sociohistorical context refers to way in which past interactions between the groups to which the communicators belong influence the communication behaviors of the communicators. It includes the relations between the groups having contact and the social norms regarding contact[4]. These relations between the different groups to which the communicators belong, influence the communicators’ behavior. Amongst these socio-historical factors which influence communicators are: political or historical relations between nations, the different religious or ideological views between possessed by the two groups participating in the conversation, amongst others. Accommodative orientation Accommodative orientation refers to the communicators tendencies to perceive encounters without group members in interpersonal terms, intergroup terms, or a combination of the two. There are three factors that are crucial to accommodative orientations: (1) â€Å"intrapersonal factors† (e.g. personality of the speakers), (2) â€Å"intergroup factors† (e.g. communicators’ feelings toward out-groups), and (3) â€Å"initial orientations† (e.g. perceived potential for conflict). The issues which influence this last factor include: collectivistic culture context or whether the culture is collectivistic or individualistic; distressing history of interaction, the possible tensions that exist between groups due to past interactions; stereotypes; norms for treatment of groups; and high group solidarity/ high group dependence, how dependent the persons self-worth is in the group. Immediate situation The immediate situation refers to the moment in which the actual communication takes place. It is shaped by five aspects which are interrelated: (1) â€Å"sociopsychological states†, (2) â€Å"goals and addressee focus† (e.g. motivations and goals for the encounter), (3) â€Å"sociolinguistic strategies† (e.g. convergence or divergence), (4) â€Å"behavior and tactics† (e.g. topic, accent) and (5) â€Å"labeling and attributions†. Evaluation and future intentions This aspect deals with how communicators perceive their conversational partners’ behavior and its effects on future encounters between the two groups. Positively rated conversations will most likely lead to further communication between the interlocutors and other members of their respective groups. Communication Accommodation Theory in Action In 1991, Giles, Coupland, and Coupland expressed the belief that a â€Å"more qualitative perspective† would be necessary in order to obtain more diverse and clarifying explanations of the behaviors presented within varying contexts. They referred to this as â€Å"the applied perspective† that showed accommodation theory as a vital part of day-to-day activity as opposed to solely being a theoretical construct. They sought to â€Å"demonstrate how the core concepts and relationships invoked by accommodation theory are available for addressing altogether pragmatic concerns†[3]. For Giles, Coupland, and Coupland, these â€Å"pragmatic concerns† were extremely varied in nature. One of these â€Å"pragmatic concerns† included understanding the relational issues that present themselves in the medical and clinical fields, such as the relational â€Å"alternatives, development, difficulties, and outcomes,† which affected the patients’ contentment with their medical interactions and whether or not, through these interactions, they agreed with and implemented said health care regimens. Another of these situations involved the potential options in a legal arena. The way that the judges, plaintiffs, and defendants accommodated themselves to both the situation and the jury could manipulate the jury’s acceptance or rejection of the defendant, and could, thus, control the outcome of the case. Communication accommodation theory was also found to have a place in media. In regards to radio broadcasting, the alliance of the audience with the broadcaster played an important part in both the ratings that the shows would receive and whether the show progressed or was cancelled. In the area of jobs and employment, accommodation theory was believed to influence the satisfaction one has with his or her job and the productivity that that person possesses in said job through convergence with or divergence from the co-workers and their work environment. Accommodation theory also possessed practical applications in the development of learning a second language. This was seen when the student’s education of and proficiency in said language was either assisted or hindered by accommodative measures. Giles, Coupland, and Coupland (1991) also addressed the part that accommodation theory plays in a situation they called â€Å"language switching†, when bilingual individuals must decide which language they should speak when they are in an organizational environment with other bilingual individuals. This can be an incredibly important choice to make, especially in a business setting, because an incorrect judgment in this area of communication could unwittingly promote negative reactions between the two or more parties involved. In addition, accommodation theory was strongly intertwined with the way an immigrant accepts and is accepted by their host country. An instance of over-accommodation from the immigrating individual can unintentionally damage that person’s sense of individuality while a strong divergence from the immigrating individual from their host culture can prompt the natives of the host country to react negatively to them because of the immigrating individual’s use of divergence. The final area of practical application, as presented by Giles, Coupland, and Coupland (1991), was that of accommodation theory’s effect on the lives of people with disabilities. Accommodation theory was thought to either aid them by promoting them to â€Å"fulfill their communicative and life potentials,† or by hindering them from reaching their full potential by focusing on the disability that made them different rather than the other characteristics that made them similar to their peers. Despite the fact that communication accommodation theory is theoretical, it has shown itself to be viable by its numerous practical applications. Communication Accommodation Theory in Action among Diverse Cultural Groups Intergenerational communications Researchers of communication accommodation theory have been interested in conversations between the elderly and the young; actively apply this theory to analyze intergenerational communication situations. Since aging of population is growing to become a serious issue in current society, communication difficulties of older adults and issues like ageism should be addressed. According to mainstream sociolinguistic studies, age is regarded as a variable only to the extent that it may show patterns of dialectal variation within speech communities across time. However, â€Å"the existence of potentially important generational differences relating to beliefs about talk, situational perceptions, interactional goals, and various language devices between the young and the elderly as empirical questions in their own right â€Å"are all taken into account when using communication accommodation theory to explore intergenerational communication problems and improve effectiveness. Previous research have also developed models such as the communication predicament model of ageing and the communication enhancement model of ageing to point out numerous consequences brought by both negative and positive attitudes towards aging.