The Crucible, Static Character Abigail - 1061 Words

In Arthur Miller s The Crucible, the main character Abigail Williams is to blame for the witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts, Abigail Williams remained a static character throughout the book. Abigail is a mean, deceitful and manipulative person who always wants her way; she has no remorse about who she hurts along her journey to get her want she wants. Abigail Williams is a manipulative evil person throughout The Crucible; she can be characterized as manipulative because she influences the girls throughout the entire book in order to make the witch trials go her way. She often uses verbal and sometimes physical threats to get her way. For example, in the beginning of The Crucible, Betty who is Abigail’s cousin is in a â€Å"coma.† Betty is†¦show more content†¦For example, Abigail displays her mean side when she says, â€Å"You bought me from my bed to speak of her?† By her, Abigail was referring to John Proctor’s wife who throughout The Crucible had tried to get rid to get John Proctor, and although she did get rid of her, she didn’t fully succeed, Proctor was also hung. Abigail Williams is a very deceitful person throughout The Crucible, she can be characterized as deceitful because throughout the book she often pretended to be a perfect puritan in the courts and during church, but really she had been the opposite the whole time. In the beginning of the book, Abigail can be described as deceitful because she began the whole witch trails by telling Reverend Parris that it was all Tituba and her witchcraft the other night, that she had made her do the things that they did. In the middle of the book, she can be characterized as deceitful through this line, â€Å"Suddenly, from an accusatory attitude, her face turns, looking into the air above- it is truly frightened.† Also, shown throughout the words of John Proctor breathless in agony, â€Å"It is a whore!† These lines display her deceitfulness throughout the beginning of the book. At the end of the book, she displays her deceitfulness when she had asked John Proctor how his wife Elizab eth Proctor was when in all reality she had no interest in how she was doing which showed that even at the very end of the book she still had been a deceitfulShow MoreRelatedStatic and Dynamic Characters of the Crucible1381 Words   |  6 PagesStatic and Dynamic Characters of The Crucible The Crucible is a play about the Salem witch trials. Its main characters are richly developed and varied. They consist of a Reverend and his niece; a married couple with their share of problems, along with their servant; and a minister called to the town because of his experience in the field of witchcraft. Each of these characters mentioned have their own traits that they bring to the plot of the story. When examined closely they can each be classifiedRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Elizabeth Proctor In The Crucible825 Words   |  4 PagesIII A/H 28 November 2017 Character Analysis of Elizabeth Proctor In 1692, many people in Salem, Massachusetts confessed to witchcraft, which resulted in several conflicts. The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, uses real events to develop a fictional play. One of the characters in the play is Elizabeth Proctor. She is a static character because she undergoes very little changes throughout the play. The author illustrates the theme of reputation through Elizabeth. Her character shows traits of strengthRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1452 Words   |  6 Pages 2015 Novel Analysis Assignment The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Plot and Conflict The Crucible is a story that revolves around the Salem Witch Trials. The novel takes place in Salem Massachusetts in 1692. It starts off with the local pastor, Reverend Parris, catching a group of girls, one of them his daughter and one of them being his niece, practicing witchcraft in the woods. Abigail is the leader of the group of girls, and her motive for the whole occurrence is to get revenge on ElizabethRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1497 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage and Composition Period 2 September 18, 2015 The Crucible by Arthur Miller Plot and Conflict The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller as an allegory for the Red Scare after World War II, tells of the infamous Salem witch trials of 1692. The play opens in the house of Reverend Samuel Parris, whose daughter Betty is unconscious in a trance. At midnight on the previous night, the Reverend witnessed his daughter, slave Tituba, and niece Abigail Williams perform a ritual in the woods. Soon there isRead MoreHow Does Fear and Hysteria Play a Significant Role in Creating and Driving the Conflict and the Chaotic Events That Take Place in Arthur Millers the Crucible?1450 Words   |  6 Pagesdriving the conflict and the chaotic events that take place in Arthur Miller’s ‘ The Crucible’? Fear is a distressing emotion aroused by impending danger, evil or pain, whether the threat is real or imagined.1 It causes feelings of dread and apprehension. Fear can lead to hysteria- a condition where community wide fear overwhelms logic and ends up justifying its own existence. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, fear and hysteria are the foundation and antecedent behind the bedlam and conflictingRead Moredead poets society Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagesbelonging is one of the essential needs of any human being. Belonging can be seen in the prescribed text of Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, Peter Weir’s Dead Poets Society Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, where the central characters are driven by their need to belong or not belong which is ultimately stimulated by the world people around them. The Crucible is based on the Salem community found in Massachusetts, a small religious Puritan village of New England on the true story ofRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials1154 Words   |  5 Pages The setting is static. It serves as the constant in chaos from the play. The physical settings contributes little to the story other than setting up a place of symbolism, irony, and character development or revealment.In a couple days of which the play spans, dramatic changes to the social structure of Salem occur. As previously stated, The Crucible, elucidated Miller’s take on the Salem witch trials at Massachusetts Bay from 1692 to 1693. This particular period and historical setting are vitalRead MoreEssay on The Dramatic Intensity of The Crucible’s Courtroom Scene4462 Words   |  18 PagesIn this assignment I am going to investigate the Dramatic Intensity of The Crucible’s courtroom scene. I am going to do this by exploring the language used, how the characters develop and how Arthur miller unfolds the plot to keep the reader interested and how emotion and feelings dictate the movements of the play. The Crucible is set against the backdrop of the mad hunts of the Salem witch trials in the late 17th century. It is about a town, after accusations from a few girls, which beginsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 1251 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Crucible, Arthur Miller employs many rhetorical and poetic elements to depict the changing nature of relationships between the play’s characters. One of the most rhetorically dynamic relationships portrayed in the play is the marriage between the protagonist John Proctor and his wife Elizabeth. Miller skillfully uses Elizabeth and John’s language and the overall tone of their marriage to manifest John’s complex character development throughout the play. The marriage evolves from a relationshipRead MoreCrucible Literary Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Essay: The Crucible by Arthur Miller In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, Reverend Parris is a character in the play that is very static. His character does not evolve in many ways during the course of the play. By the end of the play, Reverend Parris is still selfish, stubborn, and greedy. However, one of his most prominent flaws at the begging of the play is his selfishness. At the very beginning of the play, it is quite obvious that Parris is a selfish person. He only cares

Essay about Utopia Vs. Dystopia - 959 Words

Utopia Vs. Dystopia Each person has their own vision of utopia. Utopia means an ideal state, a paradise, a land of enchantment. It has been a central part of the history of ideas in Western Civilization. Philosophers and writers continue to imagine and conceive plans for an ideal state even today. They use models of ideal government to express their ideas on contemporary issues and political conditions. Man has never of comparing the real and ideal, actuality and dream, and the stark facts of human condition and hypothetical versions of optimum life and government. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In the nineteenth century, man believed in the perfectibility of mankind and in the real possibility of an ultimate utopia, a time when man†¦show more content†¦This type of novel warns that if the tendencies of the real world are not corrected before its too late, the hideous world suggested will become a reality. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;George Orwell is one of those authors who has chosen to express his views in an anti-utopian way. Both his books, 1984, and Animal Farm clearly depict the world as it may become if something is not changed. 1984 was written in 1948. When it was first published, there was a great deal of criticism. Some saw it as a prophecy of what was bound to happen to the world; others took it as basically a comment on contemporary studies; still others looked upon the book as a symptom of the authors sick mind. However, Orwell seems to have meant the novel to be a criticism of life in the twentieth century. Orwell came up with the title simply by reversing the last two numbers of the year it was written. It is instead, a warning that unless the world changes its course, man will lose his most human attributes. The philosophy of 1984 is War is Peace;, Freedom is Slavery; and Ignorance is Strength;. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; When Orwells Animal Farm first appeared in 1945, it was taken entirely as a satire of the history of the Soviet Union and the attitudes and the actions of various Western nations. However, when one looks at Animal Farm moreShow MoreRelatedUtopia Vs Dystopia1530 Words   |  7 Pagesthought is unimaginable. This haunting theme is more commonly found in dystopian literature than in the real world. A dystopia is defined as â€Å"a society characterized by human misery, as squalor, oppression, disease, and overcrowding† (â€Å"Dystopia†). Many dystopias brainwash their people into believing the laws and regulations that are set in that country are normal. Unfortunately, dystopias are commonly ruled by a leader who is unjust and uses his or her power to a dangerous and unlawful extent. In theRead MoreUtopia Vs Dystopia797 Words   |  4 PagesThe topic of utopias have always been an interesting topic for philosophers throughout time. Many ideas and perfect laws have been d iscussed, however every man’s virtue, is another’s vice and there are disagreements. Both Plato’s The Republic and More’s Utopia heavily discuss their ideas of a perfect society. Their thoughts on a utopia have plenty similarities, more specifically in gender relations. They believe that for a society to truly be equal women must work as much as men and that both menRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Animal Farm By George Orwell1310 Words   |  6 Pagesbe a utopia, the pigs secretly were deceiving their fellow animals and turning the farm into a dystopia. In George Orwell s Animal Farm all of the animals are mistreated by Farmer Jones, but they wish to be treated as equals and live in a utopia so they rebel and take over the farm. The animals first write commandments to avoid chaos, but the leader pigs selfishly modify the commandments in their favor. In the end, the farm is worse off than it was before the rebellion, becoming a dystopia. AnimalRead MoreAnal ysis Of The Poem Darkness At Noon 1429 Words   |  6 Pagescoined the word utopia while he was describing the theoretical characteristics of Atlantis. However, many dystopias have emerged from utopias. Oppression is another predicament which exists in the world. Humans have oppressed each other for centuries and it continues to happen to this day. Xenophobia is another problem which exists in the world. Xenophobia is the hate towards people from other countries, or foreigners. Many works have been influenced by oppression, xenophobia and dystopias around theRead MoreKnowing Is Better Than Not Knowing1676 Words   |  7 Pagesanymore. The Utopians do not think humans need to make their own decisions, but do things if they want to. The Underground Man and Dostoyevsky explain why having a world of Utopia would be very easy and boring and someone would have a stop to it, even if it is good, because human being need their own desire, which leads to Dystopia.   In the novel, the Underground Man and Fyodor Dostoyevsky make the reader understand how the Utopian society is not a good idea. These socialists believe that if everyoneRead MoreEssay On George Orwells 19841385 Words   |  6 Pagesof the illusional world of utopia portrayed by the party’s dystopia through the rule of totalitarianism. As an author, you could almost feel Orwell take over Winston’s character as he makes the decision to write a diary â€Å"To the future or to the past, to a time when thought is free, when men are different from one another and do not live alone -- to a time when truth exists and what is done cannot be undone.† The themes under which Orwell’s book lie under -- appearance vs reality, indoctrination, surveillanceRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Vs. 1984970 Words   |  4 PagesFahrenheit 451 vs. 1984 Ray Bradbury and George Orwell share a very similar theme in their two novels, Fahrenheit 451 and 1984. Winston Smith and Guy Montag work within an authoritarian organization, in which, they have opposing views of the authority. The novels are placed in a dystopian setting that the authority believes is a utopia. The dystopian fictions both have very similar predictions of the future. The predictions from these novels have not happened. However, it could be a short matterRead More1984 vs. Fahrenheit 4512544 Words   |  11 Pages1984 vs. Fahrenheit 451 â€Å"Do you begin to see, then what kind of world we are creating? It is the exact opposite of the stupid hedonistic Utopias†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell 267). 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 are both dystopias, although in each society, the government tells the citizens that it is a utopia. A dystopia is, â€Å"An imaginary place or state in which the condition of life is extremely bad, as from deprivation, oppression or terror† (â€Å"dystopia†). On the other hand, a utopia is described as, â€Å"An ideally perfectRead MoreA Comparison of Utopian Societies885 Words   |  4 Pagescitizens has been to create the â€Å"perfect† society. To a majority of people in the novels Brave New World (c.1932) by Aldous Huxley and The Giver (c.1993) by Lois Lowry, a utopia and â€Å"perfect† society has been accomplished. But at a second glance, the world that Huxley creates and Lowry’s community are actually totalitarian dystopias with many secrets. The similarities of both novels are evident and some readers may make the conclusion that Lowry simply wrote a spinoff of Huxley’s novel. Yes, the similaritiesRead MoreTar Baby And Brave New World Analysis2052 Words   |  9 Pagesthe two novels called â€Å"Tar Baby† and â€Å"Brave New World’. In the novel, â€Å"Tar Baby†, by Toni Morrison she uses allegory, symbolism, and theme nature vs civilization. To illustrate how the character Jadine in the novel is away from her native place, making her feel different. Whereas, in the novel, â€Å"Brave New World† by Aldous Huxley, who uses utopia, dystopia, symbolism, and the theme of identity to portray how the character John the Savage, does not fit into the World State or the Savage Reservation Society

Crisis of Myanmar Rohingya-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: To understand a current crisis situation, it is crucial to understand the history of the nation, its culture, political regime evolution, religion, geographical location, neighbouring nations and their past diplomatic relationships with the nation, the civil structure (including ethnic groups). The chosen crisis is that of Myanmar and the Rohingya. Answer: Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Myanmar crisis Myanmar is a Southeast Asian country whose size is 261,228 square miles (676,578 square kilometers) (Topich et al. 6). Formerly as Burma, the country borders Bangladesh and India to the west, Laos, and Thailand to its west and China to its north. Myanmar has more than 100 ethnic groups whose official language is Burmese, and about seven recognized regional languages (Topich et al. 7). The country's capital city is Naypyidaw. Yangon is the countrys largest city and its former capital city. The country was colonized by Britain until it gained its independence in 1948 (Cederman et al. 11). Before the invasion of British who came in as colonizers, the indigenous inhabitants of Myanmar lived as one community. However, with the British rule in place, there was an introduction of various economic, social-cultural and administrative changes that completely changed the country (Keyes et al. 23). Since independence, the state has witnessed longest-running civil wars from multiple groups representing political and ethnic minority groups and succeeding central governments. Due to conflict, the nation was under the military rule since 1962 until 2010, the situation which left the country to be among the least developed country (Cederman et al. 14). Despite the introduction of a new constitution 2008 and a democratic election in 2010, the military continues to hold significant power within the government (Topich et al. 11). The country's culture is based on Buddhism or Hindu myths, the aspect which has been influenced by its neighboring countries like China and India (Topich et al. 16). Westernization and the presence of the British colonial rule have also profoundly changed many aspects of Burmese culture, including education and language. The country is characterized by diverse ethnic groups which has brought struggle for natural resources, territories, and self-determination among various ethnic groups (Topich et al. 17). Since 1988, Myanmar has continued to expand its regional relationships (Topich et al. 17). Currently, the country is a member of Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), Association of Southeast Nations (ASEAN), United Nations (UN), and World Trade Organization (WTO). Due to the above affiliation, the representatives of UN, EU and those from ASEAN have visited Myanmar (Vivian 2017). As mentioned earlier, Myanmar has undergone various military coups in the 60s, 70s, and 80s (Topich et al. 26). The country maintained the name Burma until 1989 after an army coup led by General Saw Maung when the state changed its name to Myanmar (Topich et al. 27). The regime felt that the name Myanmar was more inclusive of the minority ethnic groups and cultures as opposed to Burma which was derived from one majority ethnic group (Topich et al. 28). Rohingya crisis in 2015 refers to the mass migration of Rohingya people from Myanmar (Vivian 2017). Most of the refugees who fled the country sought refuge in countries like Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. Rohingya people are a minority Muslim group who lives in the western state of Rakhine in Myanmar. The regime does not acknowledge group as they were referred to as refugees from Bangladesh. As a result, the Rohingya people face a lot of hostility from the government as they are highly prosecuted (Vivian 2017). Therefore, it has led to mass migration to the neighboring states seeking refuge and other humanitarian support. The international community responded to the incident by disapproving the campaign of ethnic cleansing." Many countries who are members to United Nations primarily US and UK pledged to help the Rohingya refugees. Countries like the US even allowed people from the country into state. The UK government has promised to give out 47 million pounds to help in providing emergency services and supplies to the refugees (Vivian 2017). Even the British citizens contributed around 17 million pounds to improve on the menace (Vivian 2017). As a diplomat and an international relations expert, engaging in a few steps which would help in ensuring there are no more refugees fleeing the country, and also warrant that neighboring states are as friendly is essential. First and foremost, urging the government of Myanmar to stop killing and prosecuting Rohingya people and also ensuring their rights are protected which includes right to settle and enjoy life in Myanmar is of essence (Misra 52). Secondly, ensuring engagement in international community including UN and ASEAN to take part in trying to mediate and negotiate with the government of Myanmar to eradicate all the discriminatory laws and allow the Rohingya people to remain in the country (Misra 54). Finally, encouraging the neighboring countries like India and Bangladesh to host the refugees, being friendly by offering all the humanitarian support as diplomat cohorts negotiate for a long-lasting solution (Misra 55). Conclusion Clearly, the level of ethnic division being witnessed in Myanmar traces its way back from the colonial era. Colonization brought division among the people leading to majority and minority groups in the country. The ongoing prosecution and elimination of Rohingya people is a human rights violation, and it should come to an end. Thus, the international community, humanitarian groups, and diplomats should aid in averting further crisis. Works cited Cederman, Lars-Erik, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and Halvard Buhaug.Inequality, grievances, and civil war. Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 10-19. Keyes, Charles F., and Shigeharu Tanabe.Cultural crisis and social memory: Modernity and identity in Thailand and Laos. Routledge, 2013. pp. 21-38. Misra, Amalendu.Politics of civil wars: conflict, intervention resolution. Routledge, 2013, pp.51-58. Topich, William J., and Keith A. Leitich.The history of Myanmar. ABC-CLIO, 2013, pp.5-35. Vivian Tan. UNHCR report.Over 168,000 Rohingya likely fled Myanmar since 2012, UNHCR, The Refugee Agency, 03 May 2017

Process Selection and Design Essays - Sleep, Home Appliances

Week 1 ? Topic 1: Process Selection and Design Looking at the initial process in getting myself and my children together, I found two major bottle neck areas, and other hindering factors that affect the process design related to preparing myself and my children ready for school and work. I have three children. My oldest is a girl and is 18 years old. The middle child is also a girl, and is 15 years old. The third is a boy, and recently turned 13 years old in May. The morning usually started with my alarm going off at 0630. I will admit that there are times when I do hit the snooze button to get an additional nine minutes of sleep, but my snooze limit is one! Once awake, I go to each child?s room to wake them up. My daughters consistently wake up, however, it usually takes another time or two to wake up my son. I then move on to the bathroom to shower, and to brush my teeth and finish hair and makeup. While I am showering, one of the children showers and brushes his or her teeth in the second bathroom. My son is normally sleeping until I finish my bathroom time, and gets the final wake up call to get up and to start his own shower. My daughters usually take turns showering in the other bathroom. After all bathroom activity, clothes are ironed. Usually, the first person done with bathroom time gets to the iron first. As I noted on the original flowchart, for the sake of time (or so I thought), if ironing was not complete by the time I needed to the iron, I finished all of the ironing myself. From the 0630 wake up (sometimes 0639), waking the kids and finishing my bathroom time about 25 minutes have gone by. If the ironing is not complete by each child, I am rushing by then to make sure their clothes are done, so that we can all get dressed and I can provide some type of breakfast. The type of breakfast depends on the amount of time available. We all must leave the house by 0745 to get to our respective places on time. If I am done dressing by 0715, I am able to actually cook something like eggs, bacon and toast. If running any later than that, it becomes a pop tart or cold cereal morning. Using the utilization metric in looking at my morning process, it is clear that many improvements are needed. The first bottleneck occurred at the bathrooms. There are two in the house, however, because everyone in my household was showering in the morning, a bottleneck occurred, accounting for unnecessary space between individual cycle periods while one person is waiting for the other to finish. This without a doubt affects our morning productivity causing unneeded delays. The second bottle neck occurred in the area of ironing clothes. Although there are two irons and ironing boards, four of us usually have ironing to do, and again, we run into a bottleneck and unproductive waiting time. My initial plan involved ridding the process of the unnecessary delays caused by the bottlenecks. The proposed solution for bathroom time involved at least two people bathing at night versus in the morning, thus freeing up the bathrooms and eliminating unnecessary halts in production. For ironing, the suggested improvement was weekend preparation of everyone?s clothing for the week. This eliminates extra steps in the morning process as well as halts in production. Changing showering time shaved a good 20 minutes off of the time we all spend in the bathrooms. Over the weekend, the girls faithfully prepared their clothes, but I found that the ironing job my son did towards the end wasn?t so great. Therefore I added to the process to check the clothing prepared before the weeks started to ensure things are done correctly before the week starts. Each child has a clock in the room, but none with loud alarms. Over the first weekend, I purchased three alarm clocks with blaring alarms and placed them across the room to ensure my kids would have to actually stand up and turn off the

Broken Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Broken Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Broken Love lost can be found, if just in a dream, The wash of sleep is welcomed so it can begin, A dream of what has now wilted, Before it can begin however, my mind seems to wander, I wonder how it happened, when did our love die, I ponder? And as my heart shatters against my reality, Like crystal against steel, I give in to the feelings of self-pity, Of hopelessness and dread. I wish for a dream to drown these feelings, Yet if it is to forever be just in a dream, Then nevermore will I be willing to give my heart away To another who could hurt me this way. Does this make me a coward? Refusing to play a game with such cruelty and power. Should I journey into this game again? Should I refuse to play at all? Still, how will I know until I begin. For now, pain is my pillow, not at all comfortable, For I am not brave enough to begin the journey, not just yet. Anthony Coots Copyright 2001 Anthony Coots

United States-Centric Views Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

United States-Centric Views Comparison - Essay Example At the same time, we consider women among Christian Americans usually go to work. Besides, we share the same opinion that one can identify secular content in education of Christian Americans. They are with moderate political values but governed by Biblical law. But political environment among the same is open to both sexes. They are socially inclusive, socially compliant and feminists (applicable to male and female members). There are a number of aspects which my friend and I share the same opinion on Muslim and Arab Americans (see appendix 1 and 2). For instance, both of us consider that Muslim and Arab Americans are oppressive to women, women folk are homemakers, and their society is patriarchal society. Besides, both of us consider that there is high religious content in their educational system. So, they share conservative political values, governed by the Qur’an, and are fanatically religious. The texture of male-domination can be seen in their political environment, socially exclusionary behavior. But Louise Cainkar states that the Arab Americans face oppression and marginalization in American society (Cainkar, 2009, p.96). So, both of us consider that Muslim and Arab Americans are socially oppressed and sexists. The appendices (see appendix 1 and 2) prove that there exists a number of dissimilar opinions about Christian Americans, Muslim and Arab Americans. For instance, I consider Christian Americans as good neighbors, immodestly dressed, well educated, law abiding, who considers religion as the part of government, peaceable, and with strict moral values. But my friend does not share the same opinion on foretold view points. On the other side, I consider Muslim and Arab Americans as modestly dressed, undereducated, religious values perpetuated in politics, violent, and with flexible moral values. But my friend does not share same opinion on foretold view points. But both of

Project and homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project and homework - Essay Example > 30. Under the assumption that the population is distributed normally a two sample z test for independent samples with unknown ÏÆ'1 and ÏÆ'2 is suggested. The above mentioned test is used to test the difference between the means of two populations. The standardized test statistics is, The computed T-statistics and p-value with 5% level of significance and critical value t(0.05, 82) = 1.98, are exhibited in table 1.1. The computation is done under the assumption of unequal variances due to the observed difference of respective values in descriptive statistics (table 1.0) between both the samples. 2) Columns containing data are OLD, NEW. This data contains information showing the amount of sales for 15 stores both before and after new shelf facings were installed. You suspect and wish to prove that the mean sales with the new facings is different from the mean sales under the old facings. The samples are considered as dependent due to the fact that they are related to same population. The population standard deviations of the both the samples are unknown. The sample sizes are considered to be small i.e. < 30. Under the assumption that the population is distributed normally a paired sample t-test is suggested. The above mentioned test is used to test the difference between the means of two dependent samples. The standardized test statistics